Cold sores, also known as fever blisters, herpes labialis, oral herpes, or herpes simplex lesions are caused by the herpes simplex virus (HSV). HSV Type 1 is the common cause of cold sores, however, Type 2 may also cause cold sores through oral sex.
HSV infections are quite common as about half of all adults are infected with the virus, which is easily spread from one person to another. An initial HSV-1 infection causes herpetic gingivostomatitis which is mostly common in children younger than 5, but can occur in adults too. Herpetic ginigivostomatitis is characterized by high grade fever and painful oral sores. After an infection, the virus does not leave the body and although it remains inactive or “sleeps” inside the nerves, it can periodically reactivate or “wake up” to cause cold sores.
Cold sores appear as small, painful blisters on the lips and around the mouth. These blisters usually start with an itching, tingling, or burning sensation followed by blistering before they finally burst and crust over. Cold sores usually heal without a scar. They are contagious right from when you feel the burning sensation up until they are fully healed. When you have a cold sore, you should avoid kissing babies or anyone for that matter. You should also avoid sharing items such as cutlery, water bottles, towels, toothbrushes, etc. In addition to these, avoid touching the sore except when necessary e.g. to apply ointments, and ensure proper frequent handwashing.
Reactivation of the herpes simplex virus usually occurs in cases of a weakened immune system, stress, a cold or other illness, hormonal changes, sun exposure, and so on.
Cold sores typically clear up on their own within 2 weeks, so there’s usually no need for treatment. However, they can be eased by the use of topical antiviral or anesthetic ointments, creams, patches, or gels, and pain relief medications to reduce discomfort. Early treatment with antiviral medications, especially before the blisters form, can promote healing and reduce the time it takes a cold sore to heal. You should also be sure to get some rest, stay hydrated and eat healthy to boost your immune health.
Note: If you have a dental appointment coming up and you currently have a cold sore, be sure to call your dental office to let them know. This is because most Dental clinics will not see patients with cold sores due to the highly contagious nature as well as the risk of spreading the sores to other areas.
Photocredit: American Association of Dermatology, Cleveland clinic